Non-invasive prenatal testing uses cell free DNA collected from the expectant mothers blood. This test is recommended for patient at high risk for aneuploidy. Detection rate is 99% for Downsyndrome. This test is costly. Also because it detects gender it is legally banned in many parts of India.
A simple diagnostic test in which a sample of chorionic villi is removed from the developing placenta. This test can reveal if growing foetus has evidence of aneuploidy.
A minimal invasive screening test performed as early as 11 weeks of pregnancy in which a hormonal assessment is performed in combination with an ultrasound designed to look at clear space in tissue at the back of the baby’s growing neck called nuchal translucency. In certain cases fluid may collect in this spaces making it appear larger on USG or the laboratory test may demonstrate abnormal value suggesting an increase risk for aneuploidy cardiac defect, or other genetic syndrome.
A screening test performed between 15 & 20 weeks of pregnancy that measure the levels of alpha – fetoprotein HCG estriol and inhibrim A in mothers blood. Abnormal values are associated with chromosomal abnormalities and other complication such as neural tube defects
It is generally performed after 15 weeks of pregnancy by inserting a small needle through the mother’s abdomen into aminiotic Soc. A small amount of fluid is collected. Analysis of this fluid contains actual cell of baby and can offer information regarding potential chromosomal abnormality, birth defects and gender.
Non invasive screening procedure completed before 20 weeks of pregnancy. It gives information regarding size, weight, growth and possible birth defects or other abnormality that might complicate the pregnancy.
Any expectant mother who wishes to take screening test.
– High risk cases
Balanced diet means adequate amount of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins & Minerals
Balanced Diet | |
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Source of Carbohydrates | breads, cereals, rice & potatoes |
Source of Protein | Source of Protein meat, fish, eggs, nuts, beans, peas & daal |
Source of Protein + Vitamins + Calcium | milk & dairy products |
Source of Vitamins + Minerals | fresh fruits, vegetables and salads |
Source of Folic Acid | green leafy vegetables and fruits |
During pregnancy, some of the hormones produced by the body can make the muscles of the stomach and intestine relax. Relaxation of the stomach muscles will slow down the rate at which your stomach empties itself and can cause a sense of fullness and indigestion. A slowing down of your intestinal movements can result in constipation. In later stages of pregnancy, the pressure of the enlarged uterus on your stomach can also cause indigestion, heartburn and nausea.
Heartburn is more than just indigestion. It is a strong burning pain in the chest due to reflux of acid from the stomach into the food pipe. To avoid heartburn:
Keep a glass of milk handy. Drink a glass of milk in case you wake-up with a heartburn at night.
Nausea is common in early pregnancy, and is probably related to hormonal changes. Some tips: If you feel sick as you get up in the morning, get up slowly. Try eating some dry toast or biscuit before getting up.
If you are having difficulty passing stools, the following steps can help
Sit on the floor with your back straight, soles of your feet together, and your knees dropped comfortable. Holding your ankles, bring your pelvis (lower portion of the trunk of the body) and feet together. As you press both knees gently towards the floor using your elbows, you will feel a stretch in your inner thighs. Sit this way, back straight, knees almost touching the floor, for a few minutes several time’s a day. This exercise helps to strengthen the muscles of the inner thing and pelvic floor, and improves your posture. It also keeps your pelvic joints flexible and eases delivery.
Slowly go down into a squat (sit on your heels) keeping your back straight. Try to keep your heel down placing your weight evenly. Press your elbows against your things, stretching the join (area between the things and abdomen) and thighs. Practice this several minutes a day. This is a good position for labour, and if you choose this position, your body will be ready.
Lie on your back with one hand resting your belly and the other near the small of your back. (After your fourth month, prop your shoulders with a pillow so your head is higher than your heart.) Bend your knees. Inhale to expand your belly, then exhale and draw your belly button toward the floor, continuing to use your abdominal muscles rather than your legs. Your pelvis (lower portion of the trunk of the body) may lift slightly off the floor. Hold for 1 second and release. Repeat 10 times. Work up to 3 sets of 30 repetitions. (If you become dizzy, do this exercise from a side-lying position with your back braced against a wall.)
Lie down with your knees bent and your feet flat on the floor. Slowly extend both your legs in front of you till they are completely straight, but keep your back well pressed on to the floor. Draw one knee up and then the other, without lifting your back off the floor. Then relax your legs unit they are straight. Repeat five time.
Breathing exercise can help you manage pain during labour, and can be especially helpful if the labour is prolonged. Breathing should be slow and smooth, with deep breaths. Inhale with a slow deep breath your nose at the beginning of a contraction. This will help to provide oxygen for your uterus. Exhale by letting air out like a sigh through your mouth. During a contraction, you can concentrate on each exhalation, as this will help you to relax. If you feel an urge to push during a contraction, blow out unit the urge passes. Remember to breathe in before you blow out. When the urge to push is gone, return to the breathing pattern you were using. If you don’t feel a strong urge, just continue to breathe through your contractions until the urge begins.
Ectopic Pregnancy | |
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Symptoms | Asymptomatic, Irregular spotting or scanty period, Pain in lower abdomen, Fainting episode, Sometime women comes in collapsed state |
Risk Factor | Age above 40, Ectopic pregnancy in past, PID or tuberculosis involving tube, Surgery of tube, Assisted reproducive technique |
Treatment | Small pregnancy prior to rupture of tube & if General condition of Female is good can be managed medically, Large ectopic, Rupture tube or poor general condition of female or failed medical managment requires |
Common Factors causing recurrent pregnancy loss are
Various treatment option available are
Tips for labour pain |
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Use breathing techniques to ease the pain of labour. |
Do fingertip massage during your contractions. You or your partner can place the fingertips of both hands on the basal portion of your abdomen. With light pressure, bring your hands upward towards the top of your abdomen and then downward and outward to place where you began. Draw circles on your abdomen for the duration of the contraction. |
During a contraction, focus your eyes on some object or spot that can help deflect your attention away from your contraction. Alternatively, you could keep your eyes closed during contraction. |
Since all pains are not labour pains, you must differentiate between ”true” and ”false” labour pains. True labour pains will come at regular intervals and steadily increase in intensity. They may be accompanied by with blood. On the other hand, with “false” labour pains, the frequency of contractions will be irregular. False labour pains will not get progressively stronger, but may in fact, weaken and disappear for a while, particularly if you move around. |
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